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Pakistan the hope land of South Asian Muslims came into being as an independent country on 14th of August,1947. The Muslims of the South Asia started their political struggle for independence just after the failure of armed struggle under last Mughal king Bahadur Shah zafer in 1857.

The colonial British imperialism regarded it mutiny against their rule in the Indian sub continent. The tutelage king was a Muslim, and his effort to liberate himself was declared by the British as mutiny. Though both Hindus and Muslims took part in this war to restore mughal rule but the British thought Muslims are the real culprits and their real enemies. So, they planned to promote the Hindus in every walk of life to cope the Muslim threat to their rule.

This policy of the colonial rulers proved fatal for the Muslims. So, in a very short span of time the Hindus became dominant in indigenous affairs of british India.

Now the muslims were the most ignorant community of the British India and Hindus were the apple of the eyes of the new rulers.

The main reason behind this policy was the mistrust and feeling of disloyalty from the Muslims. Infact the Muslims were deprived of their king and political power, so naturally they were against the new rule, this hate and mistrust was totally against the muslim interest , at this critical juncture of history a visionary named Sir. Syed Ahmed khan appeared at the horizon of India. He assessed the whole situation in it’s TRUE prospective and played a leading role to bridge the gap of mistrust and enmity prevailing after the Indian mutiny. Sir. Syed Ahmed Khan was an intellectual, historian, educationist and a reformer in his person.

He adopted a practical approach to rebuild cordial relations between the rulers and the Muslims. He started an education movement, the main purpose of this movement was to educate Muslims and make them the loyal and faithful citizens of the colonial rulers.

Sir. Syed made a model school, college and then the university to provide knowledge to Muslims and prepared them to participate in the affairs of state like Hindus. He preached Muslims to be faithful to the foreign rulers and compete Hindus in all walks of life

His total focus was on the Muslim education and loyalty with the British rule. According to him this was the most safe way for the muslims of India to exist and prosper.

In 1885 Indian National Congress, a political party was made by the rulers, its main object was to facilitate Indians in the state affairs. Sir. Syed with his God gifted ability and foresight guessed the British intention to introduce a controlled democracy in India. He forbade Muslims to join the Indian National Congress.

He also started a campaign to convince the rulers about the fatal results of Britain model democracy in British India. He aware the rulers about the consequences of majority is authority based democracy for India. According to Sir. Syed it will be a source of dissatisfaction for the muslims who are a politically, educationally and economically backward minority.

According to Sir. Syed Ahmed Khan this would be most unfit for a country having multi religious, linguistic, ethnic and cultural diversity.

The educated Muslims belonging to Muslim elite class almost followed the advise of Sir. Syed and refrained from the political activities of the Indian National Congress.

But soon a time came when the muslims realised the need of their own political party to fulfill their desire to get more facilities from the Govt. by political dialogue. So, they made All India Muslim league in 1906.

This proved a suitable forum of expression of Muslim demands for their safe and honourable future. With the passage of time the Indian National Congress which was a Hindu dominated party got momentum and attracted many Muslims for her anti imperialist stance.

These Muslims whole heartedly began to promote the slogan of Hindu Muslim unity to quit the British , Indian National Congress was pretending her the savior of Indians and sole representative of Indians irrespective of their religion, faith, cost and creed.

At that time the Muslim League was confined to the party of Muslim feudals and business elite having follower of Sir. Syed policy to refrain from lodging any campaign against British rule.

The dynamic leadership of Mohn Das Gandhi the indian national congress got sympathies of the Muslim Religious, middle and lower middle class to support the Turkish Caliph in the First World war, it made the Indain National Congress as a sole political party of Indians and Gandhi achieved the peak of popularity among the people of sub continent. who opened.

All freedom lovers began to join congress because of her unbiased posture she displayed during Caliph Movement. Though still Indian National Congress was a Hindu majority and dominated which was being financed by hindu Capitalist class, but her colorful slogans of freedom and unity were also attractive for Muslims. The colorful posture of Indian National Congress and her slogans were impressive for common people and also convincing for educated class.

A young Muslim Barrister Muhammad Ali Jinnah also fascinated by the Congress and join it, Soon jinnah became a popular leader of this party and his untiring efforts for Hindu Muslim unity gave him the title of ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity. Now there came a point of difference between Muslims and Congress Party when a Committee was made by the British Govt. Of India to make the out lines of the future constitution of India under Moti Lal Nehru.

The report of this Committee was hopeless for the Muslims of the sub continent. Nehru declined all that was necessary for Muslim point of view to be equal beneficiaries with Hindus. This act of Congress leadership was a alkaram for Muslim leadership about the Congress future designs. Now Muslim intellectuals and political minded Muslims became to tilting towards Muslim League and process of revival of muslim politics at the platform of muslim league started. Now there were two political parties parallel for the freedom of India, the Muslim League insisted for separate election on communal basis for the safety of Muslims. Congress declined this just demand.

There came many ups and downs between the relationship of Hindu Muslim unity and the congress Muslim League political opinion.

The Azerbaijani side categorically condemned this action and stressed that the toxic chemical waste from the metallurgical plant could cause a big blow to the region’s ecosystem

A community that historically had no connection with the Caucasus, but forcibly annexed the region, is called Armenia. The great trial of history has turned them into a source of danger for Azerbaijan. The concept of Armenian, which embodies the most cruel feelings such as hatred, aggression and enmity, is also a destructive entity for nature and the environment.

A few months ago, Armenia started building a large metallurgical plant in Arazdayan (a region bordering the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan). It is noted that the Armenian-American metallurgical plant built in Arazdayan with an investment of $70 million will produce 180,000 tons of products per year.

The Azerbaijani side categorically condemned this action and stressed that the toxic chemical waste from the metallurgical plant could cause a big blow to the region’s ecosystem. It was noted that the risk of dumping waste from the plant into the Araz River was a wake-up call for both the living organisms in the river and for the large farms used for irrigation in the region.

However, the Armenian side categorically ignored the protest of Azerbaijan and even the international NGOs that joined this protest. On the contrary, in response to this, it stated that the plant was not built in violation of the law. They also accused Azerbaijan of demonstrating the illegal use of force against them and shooting in the direction of the construction.

In your opinion, what else could be expected from Armenia?

For this reason, Azerbaijan continued to globally raise this issue, turning to other NGOs and public associations.

Nidal Salim, director and founder of the Global Institute for Aquatic Ecology and Health, which supports Azerbaijan in this matter, said that looking at the flow rate of the Araz River in the region, it is possible to admit the risk of Armenia posing a threat here. In a comment for AZERNEWS he told that in the transboundary water resources any pollution which could cause harm for the country from upstream to downstream is not allowed.

“In the case of Armenia-Azerbaijan, Armenia is upstream and Azerbaijan is the opposite one.

According to the International Water Law water pollution has to be prevented or reduced, and this can be done in a cooperation program. What is the adequate way to do this, there is no single solution for these things, but normally, this kind of thing has to be done first in agreement, secondly, in cooperation and commitment between countries,” the foreign expert said.

According to him, in the Armenian and Azerbaijani case, the situation is highly political and it is considered a sensitive area. However, as there are still some economic benefits for both states and the countries around, involvement of some intenrational community could be somewhat helpful for the solution of the problem.

In the wake of post-colonial, hybrid, and neoliberal regimes, critical thinking and sustainable development are facing a dire crisis in countries like Pakistan. The death of critical insight in the diseducation project, driven by the alliance between post-colonial power structures and neoliberalism, has led to an inverse relationship between critical thinking and prevailing power dynamics. Consequently, the ruling elite has captured and controlled the means of production and resources necessary for sustainable development, leaving the general public trapped in a cycle of consumer behavior dictated by the same power structure.

Pakistan’s political landscape has been shaped by hybrid governance, where elements of both civilian and military rule coexist

This hybridity has led to fragmented decision-making processes, often prioritizing short-term gains over long-term sustainability. As a result, critical thinking regarding sustainable development has been stifled, and the country struggles to develop consistent and comprehensive policies addressing environmental degradation, poverty, and inequality. Furthermore, the concept of the overdeveloped state, as proposed by Hanza Alvi, highlights the uneven distribution of resources and power within the nation, leading to economic disparities, social injustices, and ecological imbalances. Emphasizing the need for equitable and sustainable development that addresses the needs of all citizens while ensuring environmental preservation.

The post-colonial framework exposes how colonial powers exploited and suppressed indigenous cultures, economies, and knowledge systems, leaving a lasting impact that continues to influence development approaches and policies. In the context of sustainable development, the post-colonial system challenges dominant Western-centric models and advocates for locally-driven, culturally sensitive, and context-specific strategies to address environmental and social issues.

Since the 1970s and 1980s, the entanglement of post-colonial power structures with neoliberalism has significantly damaged critical and innovative abilities within societies, replacing them with a consumer-centric mindset that perpetuates the status quo. Sustainable development, however, relies heavily on critical thinking, creativity, and effective communication.

Japan’s core consumer prices rise 3.1% in July from year earlier

Japan’s core consumer prices in July rose 3.1 percent from a year earlier, well above the Bank of Japan’s 2 percent target, as food and service price hikes kept the overall inflationary trend intact, government data showed Friday.

The nationwide core consumer price index, excluding volatile fresh food items, rose for the 23rd straight month, amid emerging signs of entrenched inflation hurting consumer sentiment.

The key gauge of inflation slowed from 3.3 percent in June as the impact of higher fuel costs, a major driver behind the recent bout of cost-push inflation, has been waning, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

The gauge remained above the BOJ’s 2 percent target for the 16th straight month.

The core-core CPI, which reflects the underlying inflationary trend by stripping away volatile energy and fresh food prices, rose 4.3 percent, accelerating from 4.2 percent in the previous month.

“With inflation entrenched and real wages falling, there is concern about the negative impact on private consumption,” said Shinichiro Kobayashi, a senior economist at Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting.

“The risk is that higher goods prices will prompt consumers to start curbing spending on services, which has so far been supported by pent-up demand,” he said.

Japan’s economy grew for the third straight quarter in April to June but private consumption, which accounts for more than half of gross domestic product, unexpectedly fell even as strong catch-up demand for dining out and traveling remained.

Food prices jumped 9.2 percent while durable goods saw a 6.0 percent increase.

Service prices increased 2.0 percent, marking the sharpest gain in roughly three decades without the effects of past consumption tax hikes, after price hikes were largely seen among goods.

Accommodation fees jumped 15.1 percent during the summer holiday season, partly because of some curtailment of government subsidy programs aimed at spurring tourism in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mobile communication fees surged 10.2 percent, accelerating at the fastest pace since comparable data became available in 2001.

Energy prices dropped 8.7 percent, aided by government subsidies to curb household utility bills that helped pushed down the core CPI by around 1 percentage point.

The BOJ has already lifted its inflation outlook for fiscal 2023, forecasting the core CPI will rise 2.5 percent but undershoot its 2 percent target in the following two years.

The geostrategic position of Uzbekistan determines its role in the development of the logistics potential of the region, together with the countries of Central Asia and Afghanistan. To date, Afghanistan is gradually striving to become the center of a new macro-region connecting Central and South Asia. However, without establishing stability in this country, it is extremely difficult to talk about its sustainable economic development and the entire region, the diversification of transport corridors and interconnectedness with South Asia.

As part of the new regional policy pursued by the Republic of Uzbekistan to build constructive and mutually beneficial ties with neighboring countries, one of the priority areas is the development of cooperation with Afghanistan.

Historically and geographically, the peoples of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan had close ties and good neighborly relations. These ties have been stretched since ancient times – since on both sides of the Amu Darya there lived a people who had almost identical culture, traditions and customs. At the present stage, relations between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan were built on the basis of the principles of mutual respect and non-interference in internal affairs. Uzbekistan has provided and continues to provide assistance to its southern neighbor in restoring its economy and social infrastructure.

During the Soviet period, specialists from Uzbekistan arrived in Afghanistan to work in the agricultural sector and the oil and gas sector, worked as teachers in educational institutions, and carried out scientific work in research centers

The sustainable development of Afghanistan is a guarantee of stability and prosperity for the entire Central Asian region. Since the first days of independence, Uzbekistan has made efforts to peacefully resolve the Afghan conflict. The Republic has always advocated the early establishment of peace and stability in Afghanistan and has made a significant contribution to the restoration and development of the economy of the neighboring country, improving the lives of its people by increasing the volume of mutual trade and implementing major infrastructure and humanitarian projects.

Both on a bilateral basis and within the framework of multilateral formats, Uzbekistan consistently declares the need for more active involvement of Afghanistan in regional economic integration processes, further implementation of socio-economic projects in the country and continued humanitarian assistance, which is very necessary to stabilize the situation and prevent a humanitarian crisis .